Pages

Sunday, January 23, 2011

Further Evidence Against the Recalcuation View of the Great Recession

Was the Great Recession of 2007-2009 the result of a large reallocation of workers out of the housing sector after it busted or was it the consequence of a collapse in nominal spending that could have been prevented by policy? Arnold Kling and Bob Murphy have been arguing the former while Scott Sumner and Brad DeLong have been arguing the latter.  Here is how Murphy explains the former also known as the "recalculation" view:
[A]fter an unsustainable boom period, the economy needs to "recalculate" and figure out where the excess workers (from the bloated sectors) need to go so that the economy can resume a stable, sustainable growth... Kling (and the Austrians) are arguing that this recession is not simply about a lack of generic "spending" but rather is tied to the preceding housing boom. In particular, during the boom, workers were sucked into construction (and other related occupations). Once the housing bubble collapsed, these excess workers needed to go someplace else. That's why unemployment started rising, and "the recession" set in.
Scott Sumner responded to this claim by nothing that though this understanding seems reasonable--it was the greatest housing boom after all--it is not supported by the data.  The housing boom peaked in early 2006 and yet the Great Recession does not really start to get going until  mid-to-late 2008, when policymakers allow aggregate spending to collapse.  Thus, the housing bust at best would have led to a mild recession.  It was the failure of monetary policy that created the Great Recession.

Murphy replied to Sumner by asking him to consider construction employment.  He argued that by plotting construction data along with the unemployment rate one can actually see a recalculation story in the data.   His figure, though, was not very convincing as it revealed that the unemployment rate does not start its pronounced climb until about May 2008 whereas construction employment begins its nose dive back in May 2007.  Thus, unemployment was relatively stable about a year after construction employment began plummeting.  This is more consistent with Sumner's story.  

As is well known, though, the unemployment rate is not always the best measure of labor markets so I decided to look at other relevant employment data.  I did so using Sumner's story that monetary policy effectively tightened in 2008 as a benchmark point.  This effective tightening of monetary policy can bee seen by looking at monthly nominal GDP.The idea here is that if the Fed allows total current dollar spending to fall, even passively through say an unchecked decrease in velocity, then monetary policy is effectively tightening.  With this understanding, the figure below, indicates that monetary policy effectively tightened in June, 2008 and did not start easing until June 2009.  Therefore, monetary policy was tight even before the big blow up on Wall Street in late 2008. (Click on figure to enlarge.)



So let's look at construction employment again prior to the effective tightening of monetary policy in June 2008.  And now, let's compare it to the number of layoffs and discharges measured by the BLS' Job Opening and Labor Turnover Survey The figure below shows these two series with the April, 2006 peak in construction employment indicated by the dashed line.  Both scales are in thousands.  (Click on figure to enlarge.)

 Sources: JOLTS, FRED

Contrary to the recalculation view, there is no evidence of the peaking and subsequent fall in construction employment making a meaningful increase in the number of layoffs and discharges before June, 2008.  The fall in construction employment, therefore, must have been offset by employment growth in other sectors.   This interpretation is borne out in the figure below.  It shows total employment less construction employment graphed along  side construction employment.  (Click on figure to enlarge.)

 Source: FRED

This figure shows that through April, 2008 non-construction employment in rising (and it only significantly starts declining in June, 2008).  This, despite the fact that construction employment had been rapidly dropping from May, 2007 and had stalled out back in April, 2006. In other words, the rest of the economy was doing a decent job absorbing the displaced construction workers for over a year.  No reallocation story here.  Chalk one up for Scott Sumner.  

Scott Sumner's case, however, gets even stronger if we look beyond mid-2008 and compare it to the growth rate of nominal spending.  The figure below shows layoff and discharges again, but now it is graphed against the growth rate of monthly nominal GDP.  Now we see there is a surge in layoffs and discharges but it coincides with the collapse in the nominal GDP growth rate. (Click on figure to enlarge.)
                                                


The data seems very clear to me.  It indicates there was a housing bust that was putting a damper on economic activity, but by itself was not large enough to create the Great Recession of 2007-2009.  Rather, that required the failure of Fed officials to stabilize nominal spending in 2008.    

10 comments:

  1. Good post.

    What about employment growth?

    As I see it, this recession is _not_ high layoffs causing a decrease in employment, but rather a slight increase in layoffs during teh worst part of the recession combined several years of unusually low hires.

    As you have shown, the jump in layoffs did occur when nominal GDP dropped. However, the consistently low new hires looks consistent with an economy where the volume of sales are not growing hardly anywhere.

    Normally, some firms layoff workers, of course. But there are lots of areas of the economy where sales are growing and firms are hiring new workers to expand production enough to maintain sales.

    Some sectors of the economy shrank, as usual, with layoffs mostly as normal. But there were no areas in the economy with growing expenditures.

    ReplyDelete
  2. "The data seems very clear to me. It indicates there was a housing bust that was putting a damper on economic activity, but by itself was not large enough to create the Great Recession of 2007-2009. Rather, that required the failure of Fed officials to stabilize nominal spending in 2008. "

    -----------

    The picture as I understood, was that the housing bubble collapsed and caused a minor recession, but then the stresses built up in the financial sector as the MBS stuff turned toxic and so forth, causing the collapse of the shadow banking sector, which is what really led to the cliff-diving in late 2008.

    Housing bubble---collapse---recession---financial sector implosion----cliff diving.

    That was my previous understanding. That picture is not accurate?

    ReplyDelete
  3. Austrian ideology demands that they view the unemployment situation as structural. Facts and data are not going to sway anybody's belief system.

    From what I've seen of Murphy, he's a sloppy thinker, as well.

    In your linked article, Murphy supports the Austrian view with cherry picked, marginally relevant data graphs that illustrate in at least one case what looks like a meaningless tautology (construction employment and home vacancy rate correlate - like this should surprise anyone?!?)

    For his claim to make any sense, construction workers have to have non-transferable skills. As if general mechanical aptitude and the ability to handle tools is some esoteric specialty the makes other employment opportunities hard to grasp.

    Via Krugman, Mike Konczal blasted a big hole in the structural argument last Sept.

    The only way the structural argument could be saved would be if there were large numbers of unfilled openings in certain occupations because people with the needed skills can't be located. Is anything like that actually happening?

    This WSJ report shows increases from 2007 through 2009/10- many quite dramatic - in almost every occupation - as varied as maids and CEO's - for which they have data.

    More to the point, I think, is the inability of people trapped in underwater mortgages to move to places where the job opportunities might be.

    Like Norway.

    Cheers!
    JzB

    ReplyDelete
  4. I agree with Anonymous.

    On the structural point here are some more studies which indicate that skilled labour shortages are a minor problem for employers compared to other factors.

    1. http://www.nfib.com/Portals/0/PDF/sbet/sbet201009.pdf (See in particular page 18).

    2. http://www.blumshapiro.com/pub/articles/BlumShapiroCBIASurvey.pdf (Page 4 in particular).

    3. http://www.pwc.com/us/en/industrial-manufacturing/barometer-manufacturing (p. 26).

    ReplyDelete
  5. I keep arguing that it was energy prices that tipped a shaky economy in mid-2008 into a bad recession in late 2008. Yes, the housing sector was in decline and in retrospect, the economy was absorbing it pretty well. But it was energy prices + declining housing values that hit consumers, then businesses.

    It seems to me that Sumner's prescription was to keep the party going and give out easy credit to keep housing values up. Let's inflate our way to prosperity!

    ReplyDelete
  6. One aspect of construction unemployment that is not discussed is the role of illegal immigrants.

    In the West and South during the housing boom, illegal aliens were employed in construction jobs in huge numbers.

    I suspect that their job loss isn't reflected in the government statistics.

    ReplyDelete
  7. I wrote in a simple way about the simple parts of this controversy here:

    http://www.cobdencentre.org/2011/02/money-is-barren-but-occasionally-covers-us-in-dust/

    ReplyDelete
  8. Why don't economists track the actual individuals in the population -- recalculation is a disaggregated story.

    Field studies tracking individuals are real science in biology.

    Economists seem too lazy to do real science.

    ReplyDelete
  9. Worth mentioning is that parallel commercial real estate bust. Commercial values fell in half in the Great Recession. The commercial market is about one-thrid the size of the residential market.

    This again suggests that real estate busts were triggered by a decline in AD.

    The question is, why did the fed cut AD? To fight commodities inflation.

    ReplyDelete